V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb xem l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4 g\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c v\u00ec sao v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cqu\u00e9t b\u1ea7u tr\u1eddi\u201d. Maria Mitchell, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng n\u1eef thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Cha c\u00f4, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y c\u00f4 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng thi\u00ean v\u0103n t\u1eeb khi c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf.<\/p>\n\n
Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Maria Mitchell cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u0103m 1847, c\u00f4 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t sao ch\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cSao ch\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 Mitchell\u201d, mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00f4 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u00f4 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o Vi\u1ec7n H\u00e0n l\u00e2m Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 cho S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n
C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Mitchell v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00f4. C\u00f4 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c n\u1eef nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y tham v\u1ecdng, v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. C\u00f4 tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ecb l\u1ef1c s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n
N\u0103m 1865, Maria Mitchell tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e0i quan s\u00e1t t\u1ea1i Vassar College m\u1edbi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp. C\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00f4, truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang h\u1ecd cho thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n\n
Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho n\u1eef thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy gi\u1ea3m. V\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1870, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n gia nh\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n\n
B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, Maria Mitchell v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00ec S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch trong hai n\u0103m. C\u00f4 c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tranh lu\u1eadn cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0o thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n
Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Mitchell v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong khi c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1eabn b\u1ecb thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 26% ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 25% gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n\n
L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Maria Mitchell v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong STEM.<\/p>\n\n
C\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Mitchell l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh. Trong khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra m\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc: Maria Mitchell v\u00e0 B\u1ee9c tranh \u0110ang Thay \u0111\u1ed5i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":25156,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[437],"tags":[1765,35,1764,211,435],"class_list":["post-730","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-astronomy","tag-gender-in-science","tag-science-history","tag-maria-mitchell","tag-women-in-stem","tag-astronomy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=730"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25157,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/730\/revisions\/25157"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/25156"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=730"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=730"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=730"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}