{"id":76,"date":"2020-10-03T02:41:12","date_gmt":"2020-10-03T02:41:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=76"},"modified":"2020-10-03T02:41:12","modified_gmt":"2020-10-03T02:41:12","slug":"why-america-has-a-president-instead-of-an-exalted-highness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/life\/politics\/why-america-has-a-president-instead-of-an-exalted-highness\/","title":{"rendered":"Why America Has a President: The Evolution of a Democratic Title"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u1ea1i sao Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 &#8220;T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; thay v\u00ec &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao&#8221;?<\/h2>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n<p>N\u0103m 1789, khi Hoa K\u1ef3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1edbi. Trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi sinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n<p>Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb L\u1eadp hi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao&#8221;, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 danh hi\u1ec7u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u t\u1ed1i cao&#8221;. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng danh hi\u1ec7u l\u1edbn lao nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi L\u1eadp qu\u1ed1c mu\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n\n<p>Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i trong nhi\u1ec1u tu\u1ea7n, H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 ho\u00e0ng gia s\u1ebd th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, trong khi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n lo ng\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u y\u1ebfu \u1edbt nh\u01b0 &#8220;t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; (ban \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 &#8220;ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 tr\u00ec&#8221;) s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111i ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. trong m\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n<p>Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 George Washington tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh &#8220;T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3&#8221; \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Danh hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00edt uy nghi h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/h2>\n\n<p>M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u 1, M\u1ee5c 9 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng &#8220;Kh\u00f4ng danh hi\u1ec7u qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hoa K\u1ef3 trao t\u1eb7ng&#8221;. Quy \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t giai c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n\n<p>Theo th\u1eddi gian, danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u0103m 1903, ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft t\u1eaft &#8220;POTUS&#8221; (T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng Hoa K\u1ef3) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 &#8220;FLOTUS&#8221; (\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t phu nh\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3) v\u00e0 &#8220;SCOTUS&#8221; (T\u00f2a \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Hoa K\u1ef3).<\/p>\n\n<p>Trong Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, bi\u1ec7t danh &#8220;L\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do&#8221; \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, danh hi\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 &#8220;\u00d4ng T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; v\u1eabn l\u00e0 danh hi\u1ec7u m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n\n<p>T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p trao cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee7 quy\u1ebft lu\u1eadt do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua<\/li>\n<li>Quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 b\u00e3i nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p cao kh\u00e1c<\/li>\n<li>Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i<\/li>\n<li>Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 huy l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang<\/li>\n<li>Quy\u1ec1n \u00e2n x\u00e1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u1ee9ng c\u1eed ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng, \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3 theo di\u1ec7n nh\u1eadp t\u1ecbch<\/li>\n<li>\u00cdt nh\u1ea5t 35 tu\u1ed5i<\/li>\n<li>\u0110\u00e3 c\u01b0 tr\u00fa t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 14 n\u0103m<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n<p>T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eafc c\u1eed nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 th\u1ee9 hai. Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng trong hai nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quy tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i<\/h2>\n\n<p>T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng qua quy tr\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. Lu\u1eadn t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb do H\u1ea1 vi\u1ec7n kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng vi\u1ec7n x\u00e9t x\u1eed. N\u1ebfu b\u1ecb k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 li\u00ean bang trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng<\/h2>\n\n<p>Danh hi\u1ec7u &#8220;t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang tr\u00ean m\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Franklin D. Roosevelt v\u00e0 Barack Obama.<\/p>\n\n<p>T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u1ea1i sao Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 &#8220;T\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng&#8221; thay v\u00ec &#8220;\u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ed1i cao&#8221;? Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a danh hi\u1ec7u N\u0103m 1789, khi Hoa K\u1ef3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi Chi\u1ebfn tranh C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng,&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[223],"tags":[19,221,222],"class_list":["post-76","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-politics","tag-american-history","tag-presidential-power","tag-titles-and-nobility"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=76"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":77,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/76\/revisions\/77"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=76"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=76"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=76"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}