{"id":785,"date":"2024-08-28T00:34:15","date_gmt":"2024-08-28T00:34:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/?p=785"},"modified":"2024-08-28T00:34:15","modified_gmt":"2024-08-28T00:34:15","slug":"civil-rights-and-cold-war-diplomacy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/uncategorized\/civil-rights-and-cold-war-diplomacy\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh: T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3"},"content":{"rendered":"

Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n

T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh, Hoa K\u1ef3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1eeb c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed cho tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean X\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n

B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Nghi l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, B\u1ed9 Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn Nghi l\u1ec5 \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (SPSS) v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Pedro Sanjuan, SPSS c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft hai v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 du kh\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t: t\u00ecm nh\u00e0 \u1edf t\u1ea1i Washington, D.C. v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i an to\u00e0n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 v\u1edbi tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf Li\u00ean H\u1ee3p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i New York.<\/p>\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o \u0110\u1ed9c l\u1eadp Ch\u00e2u Phi, ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn 17 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u00e2u Phi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1960, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3. Khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n ngo\u1ea1i giao t\u1ea1i Washington, \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Phi. Nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00e2u Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t<\/h2>\n\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00e2u Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9. H\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, kh\u00e1ch s\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m b\u1ebd m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n\n

Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Kennedy \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn thu\u1eadt h\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh. H\u1ecd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng Li\u00ean X\u00f4 \u0111ang l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu uy t\u00edn v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ch\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed.<\/p>\n\n

N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed<\/h2>\n\n

SPSS \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0m ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p Maryland v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 CORE \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh Freedom Rides d\u1ecdc theo Tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 40, nh\u1eb1m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n

Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/h2>\n\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh, ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Hoa K\u1ef3. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n Kennedy nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n\n

\u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1964<\/h2>\n\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1964, Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t, \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00f2ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a SPSS v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n Hoa K\u1ef3.<\/p>\n\n

Di s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n\n

Phong tr\u00e0o D\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u0111an xen trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c trong n\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao ch\u00e2u Phi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n mang t\u00ednh b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao Chi\u1ebfn tranh L\u1ea1nh T\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":24165,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[770,1881,1531,27,1880,1882,1879,1883],"class_list":["post-785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","tag-cold-war","tag-foreign-policy","tag-united-states","tag-history","tag-diplomacy","tag-international-relations","tag-civil-rights","tag-race-relations"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=785"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":24166,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/785\/revisions\/24166"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=785"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=785"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lifescienceart.com\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=785"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}