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Medical Research

Malaria Vaccine: A Promising Step in the Fight Against a Global Scourge

by Peter
written by Peter

Malaria Vaccine: A New Weapon in the Fight Against a Deadly Disease

Background

Malaria is a devastating disease that continues to plague many regions of the world, particularly in Africa. Transmitted by mosquitoes, malaria parasites can cause severe illness and even death. In 2015 alone, an estimated 429,000 people died from malaria, 92% of whom were in Africa.

RTS,S: The First Malaria Vaccine

In a significant development in the global fight against malaria, the World Health Organization (WHO) has selected Kenya, Ghana, and Malawi to pilot the world’s first malaria vaccine, RTS,S. The vaccine was developed in collaboration between PATH and GlaxoSmithKline, with support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

Pilot Program

The pilot program, scheduled to begin in 2018, aims to test the feasibility and effectiveness of delivering the RTS,S vaccine to children in the target countries. At least 120,000 children between the ages of five and 17 months will receive the vaccine in each country. The goal is to determine whether the vaccine can be successfully implemented and whether it can help reduce the incidence of malaria.

Challenges and Efficacy

While the prospect of a malaria vaccine is promising, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with its development. The vaccine has shown varying levels of efficacy in different studies. In a 2015 study, researchers found that the vaccine was less effective than expected and required multiple doses.

A follow-up study in 2016 revealed that the vaccine had “negative efficacy” five years after the first dose in children living in areas with high exposure to malaria-carrying mosquitoes. This suggests that the vaccine may only delay malaria rather than preventing it altogether.

To address these concerns, the pilot program will administer four doses of the vaccine instead of three. However, each additional dose poses logistical challenges in ensuring that children receive all the necessary vaccinations.

Evolving Mosquitoes and Resistance

Another challenge to malaria control is the evolution of mosquitoes that are becoming more resistant to insecticides. This resistance can reduce the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets, a key preventive measure against malaria.

Despite these challenges, the development and testing of new malaria vaccines remains crucial. Each new tool in the arsenal against malaria increases the chances of eventually eliminating the disease.

Role of the WHO and Other Organizations

The WHO plays a pivotal role in coordinating global efforts to combat malaria. The organization sets guidelines and standards for malaria control and supports research and development of new vaccines and treatments.

PATH, GlaxoSmithKline, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation are among the key organizations involved in the development and testing of the RTS,S vaccine. These organizations provide funding, expertise, and logistical support for research and implementation.

Conclusion

The pilot program for the RTS,S malaria vaccine is a significant step towards finding new and effective ways to combat this deadly disease. While challenges remain, the development of new vaccines and the continued efforts of international organizations offer hope for a future free from malaria.

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Environmental Science

Public Drinking Fountains: Disappearing and Detrimental to Health and Environment

by Peter
written by Peter

Public Drinking Fountains: Disappearing and Detrimental

The History of Drinking Fountains

Public drinking fountains have been a staple of urban life for centuries. Ancient Greek and Roman cities featured sculptures where passersby could fill their jugs with water. The first dedicated drinking fountain was installed in London in 1859. Fountains soon spread to many cities in America, and chlorination drastically reduced deaths from contaminated water.

The Decline of Drinking Fountains

For a while, drinking fountains were more popular than bottled water. However, the trend reversed, and today drinking fountains are disappearing from America’s parks, schools, and stadiums. This decline is due to several factors, including:

  • Broken or dirty fountains
  • Lack of maintenance
  • Unattractive designs
  • The rise of bottled water

The Dangers of Bottled Water

The reliance on bottled water rather than fountains has serious environmental and health effects.

Environmental Impact

It takes about 1.5 million barrels of oil to create the 50 billion plastic water bottles Americans use each year. Less than a quarter of those bottles are recycled. This plastic pollution harms wildlife, pollutes our oceans, and contributes to climate change.

Health Impact

Bottled water is often no healthier than tap water. In fact, some studies have shown that bottled water can contain harmful chemicals. Additionally, the consumption of sugary drinks, which are often sold in plastic bottles, is linked to obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and other health problems.

The Benefits of Drinking Fountains

Drinking fountains provide several benefits, including:

  • Access to clean water: Fountains provide access to clean, safe drinking water, which is essential for good health.
  • Reduced consumption of sugary drinks: Studies have shown that children who have access to drinking fountains are less likely to drink sugary beverages.
  • Environmental sustainability: Drinking fountains reduce the use of plastic bottles, which helps to protect the environment.
  • Cost savings: Treating and delivering tap water is less expensive than bottled water.

Solutions to the Decline of Drinking Fountains

There are several solutions to the decline of drinking fountains, including:

  • Maintaining existing fountains: Cities should regularly maintain existing drinking fountains to ensure they are clean and in good working order.
  • Installing new fountains: Cities should install new drinking fountains in parks, schools, and other public spaces.
  • Creative designs: Fountains can be designed to be aesthetically pleasing and encourage use.
  • Education: Public awareness campaigns can educate people about the benefits of drinking fountains and the dangers of bottled water.

Conclusion

Public drinking fountains are an important part of our communities. They provide access to clean water, reduce the consumption of sugary drinks, and protect the environment. We must take steps to ensure that drinking fountains continue to be a part of our urban landscape.

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Health and Medicine

Red Meat Consumption: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Dietary Recommendations

by Jasmine
written by Jasmine

Red Meat Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Link Between Red Meat and Diabetes

Recent research suggests a correlation between consuming red meat and developing Type 2 diabetes. A large study involving over 216,000 individuals found that those who regularly ate beef, pork, and lamb had an increased risk of this chronic disease. Even consuming two servings of red meat per week was associated with a modest but significant elevation in risk.

Types of Red Meat and Diabetes Risk

The study also examined the impact of different types of red meat on diabetes risk. Processed red meat, such as bacon and hot dogs, was linked to a 46% greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes per additional daily serving. Unprocessed red meat, such as steak and ground beef, was associated with a 24% greater risk per additional daily serving.

Health Implications of Red Meat Consumption

Beyond diabetes, red meat consumption has been linked to various health concerns, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and certain types of cancer. However, it’s important to note that these links represent correlations rather than established causation. Determining whether red meat directly causes conditions like diabetes requires more rigorous research, such as randomized controlled trials.

Dietary Modifications for Diabetes Prevention

While the study could not establish causation, it did suggest that replacing red meat with certain foods may reduce diabetes risk. Substituting a daily serving of red meat with nuts and legumes was associated with a 30% decrease in risk, while substituting dairy was linked to a 22% lower risk.

Dietary Recommendations for Health Optimization

Given the potential health risks associated with red meat consumption, experts recommend limiting intake to about one serving per week. This recommendation is intended to optimize overall health and well-being.

Limitations of the Study

The study had certain limitations, including a lack of participant diversity. Over 80% of participants were women, and 90% were white, making it difficult to generalize the findings to the entire population.

Implications for Future Research

Future research should focus on conducting randomized controlled trials to establish causation between red meat consumption and Type 2 diabetes. Additionally, studies should examine the impact of red meat consumption on different racial and ethnic groups.

Key Takeaways

  • Consuming red meat regularly may increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
  • Limiting red meat intake to about one serving per week is recommended for optimal health.
  • Substituting red meat with certain foods, such as nuts, legumes, and dairy, may help reduce diabetes risk.
  • More research is needed to establish causation and investigate the impact of red meat consumption on diverse populations.
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Health and Medicine

Allergies May Offer Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection: NIH Study

by Rosa
written by Rosa

Allergies Linked to Reduced Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Key Findings

A comprehensive study conducted by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has uncovered intriguing findings regarding the relationship between allergies and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The study revealed that individuals with food allergies are significantly less likely to contract the virus. This discovery highlights the potential protective effects of certain immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.

Impact of Food Allergies on SARS-CoV-2 Infection

The NIH study analyzed data from over 4,000 participants, including minors, across 1,400 households. The results demonstrated that individuals with food allergies had a 50% lower risk of becoming infected with SARS-CoV-2 compared to those without allergies. This observation suggests that food allergies may confer a degree of protection against the virus.

Influence of Obesity and BMI

In contrast to the protective effect of food allergies, the study found that obesity and a high body mass index (BMI) were associated with an increased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding underscores the importance of maintaining a healthy weight for overall well-being and reducing susceptibility to viral infections.

Asthma and Eczema: No Increased Infection Risk

Contrary to previous assumptions, the study revealed that asthma and eczema did not increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This finding challenges the notion that respiratory conditions inherently elevate the risk of viral infections.

Type Two Inflammation and the ACE2 Receptor

Researchers speculate that type two inflammation, a common immune response associated with allergic conditions such as eczema and some types of asthma, may play a role in reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Type two inflammation is thought to decrease the levels of the ACE2 receptor on the surface of airway cells. The ACE2 receptor is the primary entry point for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which enables the virus to infect cells. By reducing the number of ACE2 receptors, type two inflammation may limit the virus’s ability to enter and infect cells.

Mechanisms of Protection

While the exact mechanisms underlying the reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in individuals with allergies remain to be fully elucidated, researchers are investigating several potential factors. One possibility is that allergies trigger the production of specific immune molecules that inhibit the virus’s ability to replicate. Another hypothesis suggests that allergic conditions may enhance the immune system’s ability to recognize and clear the virus more effectively.

Implications for Public Health

The findings of the NIH study emphasize the importance of vaccinating children and implementing comprehensive public health measures to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. Vaccination remains the most effective way to protect individuals and vulnerable populations from the virus.

Novel Research Directions

The study’s findings open up new avenues for research into the complex interplay between the immune system, allergic conditions, and viral infections. Future studies will aim to identify the specific immune mechanisms responsible for the protective effects observed in individuals with allergies. Additionally, researchers will explore the potential benefits of modulating immune responses to enhance protection against SARS-CoV-2 and other viral infections.

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Health and Medicine

Yellow Fever and Racial Inequality in 19th-Century New Orleans: A Case Study in Immunocapitalism

by Peter
written by Peter

Yellow Fever and Racial Inequality in 19th-Century New Orleans

A Devastating Disease

Yellow fever, a deadly mosquito-borne virus, ravaged New Orleans in the 19th century. It was a terrifying disease that killed countless people, primarily during the hot summer months. The virus caused severe symptoms, including fever, chills, muscle pain, and jaundice. In severe cases, victims would vomit blood and experience organ failure.

Racial Disparities

Yellow fever had a profound impact on racial inequality in New Orleans. At the time, it was widely believed that Black people were immune to the disease, while white people were highly susceptible. This myth was used to justify the institution of slavery, as slaveholders argued that Black people were destined to work in hazardous environments where white people could not survive.

Immunocapitalism

The perceived immunity of Black people to yellow fever created a system of “immunocapitalism.” This system allowed white people who had survived the disease to gain social, economic, and political advantages over Black people who were presumed to be immune. White people could use their immunity as a credential to obtain better jobs, housing, and healthcare.

The Cotton Economy

New Orleans’ booming cotton economy played a significant role in the spread of yellow fever. The city’s location on the Mississippi River made it a major hub for the cotton trade. The influx of workers and slaves from around the world created a breeding ground for mosquitoes, which transmitted the disease.

Inadequate Public Health

Despite the devastating impact of yellow fever, New Orleans had a weak public health system. The city lacked a proper board of health and sanitation measures were minimal. There were no effective quarantine measures in place, which allowed the disease to spread unchecked.

False Debate

During yellow fever outbreaks, there was often a debate between public health officials and business leaders about whether to implement lockdowns or keep the economy open. This debate continues to this day during epidemics. However, in the 19th century, the lack of effective public health measures meant that lockdowns were often ineffective.

Lessons from the Past

The yellow fever pandemic in antebellum New Orleans provides important lessons for understanding the relationship between race, disease, and inequality. It highlights the devastating consequences of racial discrimination and the importance of strong public health systems.

Parallels to Today

The yellow fever pandemic in New Orleans bears striking similarities to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Both diseases have disproportionately impacted racial minorities, and both have exposed the weaknesses of public health systems. The lessons learned from the past can help us better prepare for and respond to future pandemics.

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Health and Wellness

EpiPens: Should They Be Everywhere People Eat?

by Rosa
written by Rosa

EpiPens: Should They Be Everywhere People Eat?

Introduction

Allergies are a common problem, affecting one in five Americans. In recent years, the prevalence of allergic diseases has been on the rise. This is due in part to changes in our diet and lifestyle.

The Importance of EpiPens

EpiPens are epinephrine autoinjectors that are used to treat anaphylactic shock, a severe allergic reaction that can be life-threatening. EpiPens are an important last line of defense for people who are allergic to certain foods, insect stings, and other allergens.

Current Laws and Regulations

In an effort to make EpiPens more readily available, laws are being passed in many states to mandate that public schools and restaurants keep EpiPens on hand. In Virginia, such a law is already in place, and a national version is currently being considered.

The Hamilton Trial Program

In Hamilton, Ontario, a trial program is underway to stock epinephrine autoinjectors in local eateries. The goal is to eventually have EpiPens in every restaurant in the city. This program is based on the idea that EpiPens should be as ubiquitous as defibrillators, which are also used to treat life-threatening emergencies.

Cost Considerations

The main obstacle to making EpiPens more widely available is cost. Epinephrine autoinjectors can cost several hundred dollars each. However, there are subsidy and grant programs available to make them more affordable.

Undiagnosed Allergies

One of the reasons why EpiPens are so important is that they can be used to treat undiagnosed allergies. A significant portion of severe allergic reactions at school occur among students who have no prior allergy diagnosis.

Bullies and Allergies

Unfortunately, bullies are now using allergies as a weapon against their victims. This is a dangerous and cruel practice that can have serious consequences.

Conclusion

EpiPens are an important tool for managing allergies. Laws are being passed and programs are being implemented to make them more readily available. However, cost remains a major barrier. By raising awareness about the importance of EpiPens and advocating for affordable access, we can help to ensure that everyone who needs one has access to this life-saving device.

Additional Information

  • For more information on EpiPens, visit the website of the Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE) organization: https://www.foodallergy.org/
  • To find out if you are eligible for a subsidy or grant program, contact your local health department or insurance provider.
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Life Sciences

The Black Death: A Resurgent Threat to Public Health

by Peter
written by Peter

The Black Death: A Resurgent Threat?

Despite advancements in medicine, some deadly diseases from the past, such as whooping cough, measles, and leprosy, are making a comeback. One disease that may surprise you on this list is the Black Death, also known as the bubonic plague, which ravaged Europe during the Middle Ages.

What is the Black Death?

The Black Death is a bacterial disease that is typically spread to humans by fleas that have bitten infected rodents. It gets its name from the blackening effect it can have on infected skin.

A Resurgent Disease

Contrary to popular belief, the Black Death never fully disappeared. The World Health Organization estimates that there are 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague reported worldwide each year. In the United States, there have been nearly 1,000 confirmed or probable cases of plague since 1900, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

How is the Plague Spread?

The plague is most commonly spread through the bite of an infected flea. Fleas can become infected by biting rodents that carry the plague bacterium, such as rats and squirrels. Humans can also become infected by handling infected animals or their carcasses.

Symptoms of the Plague

Symptoms of the plague can vary depending on the type of infection. The most common form of plague, bubonic plague, causes swollen lymph nodes (buboes) in the armpits, groin, or neck. Other symptoms may include fever, chills, headache, and muscle aches.

Treatment and Prevention

The plague can be treated with antibiotics if it is caught early enough. However, some scientists are concerned about the possibility of the plague-causing bacterium developing resistance to antibiotics.

There are several steps you can take to prevent plague:

  • Avoid contact with rodents and their nests.
  • Keep your home and yard free of rodent attractants, such as food and garbage.
  • Use insect repellent containing DEET when spending time outdoors.
  • Wear gloves when handling dead animals.

Antibiotic Resistance

One of the biggest concerns about the resurgence of the plague is the potential for the plague-causing bacterium to develop resistance to antibiotics. This could make the disease much more difficult to treat.

Researchers are working to develop new antibiotics that are effective against antibiotic-resistant strains of the plague bacterium. In the meantime, it is important to take steps to prevent the spread of the plague and to seek medical attention immediately if you experience any symptoms of the disease.

Long-Term Impact

The long-term impact of the resurgence of the Black Death is difficult to predict. However, it is clear that this disease is still a threat to public health. By taking steps to prevent the spread of the plague and to develop new treatments, we can help to protect ourselves from this deadly disease.

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Health and Wellness

Philadelphia: A Landmark Film in the Fight Against Prejudice and Epidemics

by Rosa
written by Rosa

Philadelphia: A Landmark Film in the Fight Against Prejudice and Epidemics

AIDS Crisis and Homophobia

In 1993, the groundbreaking film “Philadelphia” confronted the AIDS crisis head-on, shedding light on the prejudice and discrimination faced by gay men with the disease. The film’s protagonist, Andrew Beckett, played by Tom Hanks, was a successful lawyer who was fired from his firm after being diagnosed with AIDS.

Andrew’s case was taken up by Joe Miller, a homophobic ambulance chaser played by Denzel Washington. Despite their initial differences, Andrew and Joe forged a bond as they fought for justice against the stigma and discrimination surrounding AIDS.

“Philadelphia” was a critical and commercial success, winning two Academy Awards and sparking important conversations about AIDS and homophobia. The film’s legacy continues today, as society grapples with the ongoing challenges of prejudice and discrimination against LGBTQ+ individuals.

The Role of Philadelphia

The city of Philadelphia played a pivotal role in both the film and the real-life fight against AIDS. The film was shot on location in Philadelphia, capturing the city’s unique energy and architecture. The city’s courthouse, City Hall, served as the backdrop for many of the film’s key scenes.

Beyond the film, Philadelphia has been a hub for AIDS activism and support. ActionAIDS, a pioneering health center that provided care to people with AIDS, was featured in the film. The organization continues to provide essential services to the Philadelphia community today.

Overcoming Prejudice

“Philadelphia” highlighted the importance of overcoming prejudice and discrimination. The film’s title underscores the idea that justice and representation should be available to all, regardless of their sexual orientation or HIV status.

Jonathan Demme, the film’s director, explained that “Philadelphia” was not just about AIDS, but about the right to justice for all individuals. The film’s powerful message resonated with audiences and helped to change attitudes towards people with AIDS.

The Opioid Epidemic

In recent years, Philadelphia has faced another tragic epidemic: the opioid crisis. The city has seen a surge in fatal opioid overdoses, mirroring the national trend.

The opioid epidemic shares many similarities with the AIDS crisis. Both epidemics have disproportionately affected marginalized communities, and both have been fueled by stigma and misinformation.

Intersectional Challenges

Individuals who are transgender, people of color, and those from low-income backgrounds face unique challenges in accessing healthcare and overcoming prejudice in both the AIDS and opioid epidemics. These intersectional challenges require tailored approaches to prevention and treatment.

Community Support

Community support is essential in fighting both epidemics. Organizations like ActionAIDS have provided vital services and support to people with AIDS and HIV for decades. Similar support is needed to address the opioid crisis.

Ongoing Stigma

Despite progress in education and awareness, stigma surrounding HIV and opioid addiction persists. This stigma prevents people from seeking help and accessing essential services.

“Philadelphia” remains a powerful reminder of the devastating consequences of prejudice and discrimination. The film’s legacy continues to inspire efforts to overcome these challenges and create a more just and equitable society for all.

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Health and Medicine

Why Is Flu Season in Winter? Unraveling the Role of Weather and Humidity

by Rosa
written by Rosa

Why Is Flu Season in Winter?

The Role of Weather and Humidity

Flu season is typically associated with the coldest months of the year, but why is this the case? New research suggests that the answer may lie in the weather, particularly humidity levels.

Humidity and Virus Survival

Influenza viruses, the culprits behind the flu, exhibit a remarkable ability to survive outside the human body under certain humidity conditions. Studies have shown that these viruses thrive in environments with either very low (below 50%) or very high (close to 100%) humidity.

Dry Winter Air

During winter, many regions experience cold, dry air, which creates ideal conditions for the transmission of influenza. Dry air causes sneeze droplets to evaporate quickly, allowing the viruses to remain suspended in the air for extended periods.

Low Humidity and Virus Infectivity

At low humidity levels, respiratory droplets evaporate completely, leaving the influenza viruses exposed to higher concentrations of chemicals in the fluid. This exposure compromises the viruses’ ability to infect cells.

Moderate Humidity and Virus Survival

In contrast, moderate humidity levels have a different effect on influenza viruses. Droplets evaporate partially, leaving the viruses exposed to some moisture. This exposure reduces the viruses’ infectivity but does not completely eliminate their ability to infect.

Human Behavior and Flu Season

While weather conditions play a significant role in flu season, human behavior also contributes to its spread. Close contact with infected individuals, such as in schools or workplaces, increases the likelihood of transmission. However, the impact of human behavior on flu season is still being debated among scientists.

Other Factors Influencing Flu Season

In addition to weather and human behavior, several other factors can influence the severity and duration of flu season, including:

  • Strain of influenza virus: Different strains of the influenza virus vary in their ability to spread and cause illness.
  • Population immunity: The level of immunity in the population can affect the spread of the flu. Individuals who have been vaccinated or have previously been infected with a similar strain of the virus are less likely to become ill.
  • Indoor environments: The indoor environment can also play a role in the transmission of influenza. Poor ventilation and overcrowding can increase the risk of infection.

Preventing the Spread of the Flu

Understanding the factors that contribute to flu season can help us take steps to prevent its spread. Some effective measures include:

  • Vaccination: Getting vaccinated against the flu is the most effective way to reduce the risk of infection.
  • Hand hygiene: Washing your hands frequently with soap and water can help remove influenza viruses from your hands.
  • Respiratory etiquette: Covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing can prevent the spread of respiratory droplets.
  • Staying home when sick: If you are experiencing flu symptoms, stay home to avoid infecting others.
  • Improving indoor air quality: Ensuring adequate ventilation and avoiding overcrowding in indoor environments can help reduce the transmission of influenza viruses.

By understanding the complex interplay of weather, human behavior, and other factors, we can better prepare for and mitigate the effects of flu season.

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Environmental Science

PFAS: Toxic Chemicals Lurking in Your Drinking Water

by Rosa
written by Rosa

PFAS: Toxic Chemicals in Drinking Water

What are PFAS?

PFAS, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in a wide range of products for decades, including food wrappers, sunscreen, nonstick cookware, makeup, smartphones, flame-retardant equipment, and fire-fighting foam. PFAS are known for their resistance to heat, water, grease, and stains.

Health Risks of PFAS

Recent research has shown that PFAS are more dangerous to human health than previously thought. Exposure to PFAS has been linked to a variety of serious health issues, including cancer, low birth weights, and weakened immune systems.

PFAS in Drinking Water

PFAS are commonly found in drinking water across the United States. It is estimated that more than 200 million Americans may be drinking water that is contaminated with PFAS.

EPA Health Advisories

In response to the growing concerns about PFAS, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has issued new health advisories for two of the most widely used PFAS: PFOS and PFOA. The EPA has slashed the limits for PFOS and PFOA in drinking water to 0.02 parts per trillion and 0.004 parts per trillion, respectively.

The EPA has also recommended safe drinking water limits for substances that are considered replacements for PFOA and PFOS. For GenX chemicals, the EPA recommends levels of 10 parts per trillion or below. For PFBS, the limit is 2,000 parts per trillion.

Reactions to EPA Advisories

Reactions to the EPA’s announcement were mixed. Some advocates say the agency didn’t go far enough and should regulate PFAS as a whole (more than 9,000 chemicals fall under the PFAS chemical umbrella), while others complained that the new advisories were premature and would only cause confusion.

EPA Actions

The EPA is not currently enforcing or regulating the new health advisories. However, the agency may impose mandatory standards for some PFAS in the fall, which would require municipal utilities to remove the substances from drinking water. The EPA has also announced that it is making $1 billion worth of grants available to help communities reduce PFAS in their drinking water.

Steps to Reduce Exposure

Individuals who are concerned about PFAS should take steps to limit their own exposure. Some ways to reduce exposure include:

  • Installing a water filter
  • Finding other water sources for ingestion
  • Avoiding products that contain PFAS

Additional Resources

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